Neuroinvasive Bacillus cereus Infection in Immunocompromised Hosts: Epidemiologic Investigation of 5 Patients With Acute Myeloid Leukemia.

Background: Bacillus cereus is a ubiquitous gram-positive rod-shaped bacterium that can cause sepsis and neuroinvasive disease in patients with acute leukemia or neutropenia. Methods: A single-center retrospective review was conducted to evaluate patients with acute leukemia, positive blood or cerebrospinal fluid test results for B cereus, and abnormal neuroradiographic findings between January 2018 and October 2022. Infection control practices were observed, environmental samples obtained, a dietary case-control study completed, and whole genome sequencing performed on environmental and clinical Bacillus isolates. Results: Five patients with B cereus neuroinvasive disease were identified. All patients had acute myeloid leukemia (AML), were receiving induction chemotherapy, and were neutropenic. Neurologic involvement included subarachnoid or intraparenchymal hemorrhage or brain abscess. All patients were treated with ciprofloxacin and survived with limited or no neurologic sequelae. B cereus was identified in 7 of 61 environmental samples and 1 of 19 dietary protein samples-these were unrelated to clinical isolates via sequencing. No point source was identified. Ciprofloxacin was added to the empiric antimicrobial regimen for patients with AML and prolonged or recurrent neutropenic fevers; no new cases were identified in the ensuing year. Conclusions: B cereus is ubiquitous in the hospital environment, at times leading to clusters with unrelated isolates. Fastidious infection control practices addressing a range of possible exposures are warranted, but their efficacy is unknown and they may not be sufficient to prevent all infections. Thus, including B cereus coverage in empiric regimens for patients with AML and persistent neutropenic fever may limit the morbidity of this pathogen.

Utilization of cumulative antibiograms for public health surveillance: Trends in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae susceptibility, Massachusetts, 2008-2018.

BACKGROUND: Antimicrobial resistance is an urgent public health threat. Identifying trends in antimicrobial susceptibility can inform public health policy at the state and local levels. OBJECTIVE: To determine the ability of statewide antibiogram aggregation for public health surveillance to identify changes in antimicrobial resistance trends. DESIGN: Facility-level trend analysis. METHODS: Crude and adjusted trend analyses of the susceptibility of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae to particular antibiotics, as reported by aggregated antibiograms, were examined from 2008 through 2018. Multivariable regression analyses via generalized linear mixed models were used to examine associations between hospital characteristics and trends of E. coli and K. pneumoniae susceptibility to ciprofloxacin and ceftriaxone. RESULTS: E. coli and K. pneumoniae showed inverse trends in drug susceptibility over time. K. pneumoniae susceptibility to fluoroquinolones increased by 5% between 2008 and 2018 (P < .05). In contrast, E. coli susceptibility declined during the same period to ceftriaxone (6%), gentamicin (4%), and fluoroquinolones (4%) (P < .05). When compared to Boston hospitals, E. coli isolates from hospitals in other regions had a >4% higher proportion of susceptibility to ciprofloxacin and a >3% higher proportion of susceptibility to ceftriaxone (P < .05). Isolates of K. pneumoniae had higher susceptibility to ciprofloxacin (>3%) and ceftriaxone (>1.5%) in all regions when compared to Boston hospitals (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS: Cumulative antibiograms can be used to monitor antimicrobial resistance, to discern regional and facility differences, and to detect changes in trends. Furthermore, because the number of years that hospitals contributed reports to the state-level aggregate had no significant influence on susceptibility trends, other states should not be discouraged by incomplete hospital compliance.

Candida auris outbreak involving liver transplant recipients in a surgical intensive care unit.

Candida auris is a yeast that is difficult to eradicate and has caused outbreaks in health care facilities. We report a cluster of 5 patients in 1 intensive care unit who were colonized or infected in 2017. The initial 2 patients were recipients of liver transplants who had cultures that grew C auris within 3 days of each other in June 2017 (days 43 and 30 posttransplant). Subsequent screening cultures identified 2 additional patients with C auris colonization. Respiratory and urine cultures from a fifth patient yielded C auris. All isolates were fluconazole resistant but susceptible to echinocandins. Whole genome sequencing showed the strains were clonal, suggesting in-hospital transmission, and related but distinct from New York/New Jersey strains, consistent with a separate introduction. However, no source or contact was found. Two of the 5 patients died. C auris infection likely contributed to 1 patient death by infecting a vascular aneurysm at the graft anastomosis. Strict infection control precautions were initiated to control the outbreak. Our experience reveals that although severe disease from C auris can occur in transplant recipients, outbreaks can be controlled using recommended infection control practices. We have had no further patients infected with C auris to date.

A Statewide Program to Improve Management of Suspected Urinary Tract Infection in Long-Term Care.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Suspected urinary tract infection (UTI) is the most common indication for antibiotic use in long-term care (LTC). Due to the high prevalence of asymptomatic bacteriuria, for which antibiotics are not warranted, these antibiotics are frequently unnecessary. We implemented a collaborative quality improvement program to improve the management of suspected UTI in LTC residents by increasing awareness of current guidelines, with a focus on decreasing treatment in the absence of symptoms. DESIGN/INTERVENTION: Two separate collaboratives included workshops, webinars, and coaching calls. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 31 facilities participated in the first collaborative, with 17 submitting sufficient data for analysis and 34 in the second, with data analyzed from 25. MEASUREMENTS: Facilities reported monthly numbers of urine cultures, UTI diagnoses, Clostridioides difficile infections (CDIs), and resident days. RESULTS: When comparing the baseline period to the first collaborative period, the intercollaborative period to the second collaborative period, and the first collaborative period to the second, the incident rate ratios (95% confidence intervals) were 0.74 (0.68-0.81), 0.83 (0.73-0.94), and 0.63 (0.57-0.69), respectively, for urine culturing rate; 0.73 (0.64-0.83), 0.86 (0.70-1.05), and 0.60 (0.51-0.69), respectively, for UTI diagnosis rate; and 0.56 (0.40-0.82), 1.61 (0.71-4.14), and 0.45 (0.27-0.74), respectively, for CDI rate. CONCLUSION: The program we implemented was associated with reductions in urine cultures, UTI diagnosis, and CDI; and it suggests that this type of intervention can promote appropriate management of UTI in the LTC setting. J Am Geriatr Soc 68:62-69, 2019.

Emergence of multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica serotype Newport infections resistant to expanded-spectrum cephalosporins in the United States.

We describe a field investigation in New England that identified the emergence and epidemiology of new strains of multidrug-resistant Salmonella, Newport-MDRAmpC, and summarize the Center for Disease Control and Prevention's surveillance data for these infections. In Massachusetts, the prevalence of Newport-MDRAmpC among Salmonella serotype Newport isolates obtained from humans increased from 0% (0/14) in 1998 to 53% (32/60) in 2001 (P<.001). In a retrospective case-control study, infection with Newport-MDRAmpC was domestically acquired and was associated with exposure to a dairy farm. Isolates from both humans and cattle had indistinguishable or closely related antibiograms and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns. Nationally, the prevalence of ceftriaxone-resistant Salmonella increased from 0.5% in 1998 to 2.4% in 2001; 85% of the isolates in 2001 were Newport-MDRAmpC, and at least 27 states have isolated these strains from humans, cattle, or ground beef. These data document the widespread emergence of Newport-MDRAmpC strains in the United States and show that the 5-fold increase in the prevalence of Salmonella resistant to expanded-spectrum cephalosporins, between 1998 and 2001, is primarily due to the emergence of Newport-MDRAmpC strains.

Automated ribotyping and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis for rapid identification of multidrug-resistant Salmonella serotype newport.

In a series of 116 Salmonella enterica Newport isolates that included 64 multidrug-resistant (MDR) isolates, automated ribotyping and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) discriminated MDR S. Newport with a sensitivity of 100% and 98% and specificity of 76% and 89%, respectively. Clustering of PFGE patterns (but not ribotyping) linked human and bovine cases. Automated ribotyping rapidly identified the MDR strain, and PFGE detected associations that aided epidemiologic investigations.